THE BATTLE OVER KIRD/ZAZA IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN ÇEWLİG/BİNGÖL

(1980-2015)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Chapter 1: Introduction, Research Question, Methodology and Theoretical Framework……… 8

1.1 A Brief Definition of Kirds/Zazas……………………………………………………………………… 13

1.2 Research Question…………………………………………………………………………………………… 23

1.3 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Theoretical Approach to Identity Construction…………………………………………………………. 25

1.3.1 Ethnicity as an Identity Marker………………………………………………………………………. 27

1.3.2 Religious Identity…………………………………………………………………………………………. 36

1.3.3 National Identity ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39

1.3.4 Local Identity: ‘Us’ and ‘Others’……………………………………………………………………. 44

1.4 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49

I.5 Methodological Considerations…………………………………………………………………………. 65

1.5.1 Broader Research Context……………………………………………………………………………… 65

1.5.2 Research Methods………………………………………………………………………………………… 66

1.5.3 Positionality: Advantages and Disadvantages of Being an ‘Insider’ ……………………. 71

1.6 Fieldwork Undertaken From 2011 – 2013………………………………………………………….. 72

Criteria in Choosing My Sources:…………………………………………………………………………… 72

1.6.1 Some Data Collected from Fieldwork Trips Undertaken (2011 – 2013)………………. 73

1.6.2 The Visit To Observe the Parliamentary Elections Çewlig/Bingöl Province (30/05/11

– 24/06/11)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78

1.6.3 Interview with Mr Idris Baluken, the MP of Çewlig/Bingöl for the pro-Kurdish party

BDP……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85

Chapter 2: The Historical Background………………………………………………………………………… 86

2.1 Kurdish History towards the End of the Ottoman Empire …………………………………….. 88

2.2 The Kurdish Resistance to the Early State Policies, and an Era of Silence ……………… 91

2.3 The 1960s to 1980s…………………………………………………………………………………………. 99

2.4 References to Kirds/Zazas in Historical Sources……………………………………………….. 100

2.5 How Kird/Zazas Identified Themselves Until 1980 …………………………………………… 107

2.6 Important Figures in the Formation of Zaza Identity………………………………………….. 111

Chapter 3: The Political Battle: Çewlig/Bingol Bteween the Turkish State and the Kurdish

Movement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113

3.1 The Turkish State’s Social Engineering Plan for the Zazaki Speaking Areas: The Case

of Elazig ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115

3.1.1 Attempts to ‘Divide and Rule’: Policies by the Turkish State …………………………… 122

3.1.2 An Overview of Education, Language and Assimilation Policies in the Region….. 124

3.1.3 The Role of Religion after the 1980s…………………………………………………………….. 130

3.1.4 The Atempts of the Turkish State in Turning Çewlig into Another Elazig (Model of a

Turkified City in the Region)……………………………………………………………………………….. 131

3.2. The Kurdish Movement’s Reaction Against the State’s Policies: The Case of

Amed/Diyarbakir ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136

3.2.1 The Current Kurdish Movement’s Policies towards Zazas (1980s to 2010s)………. 137

3.2.3 The Use of Language and Culture as a Tool by the Kurdish Movement…………….. 146

3.2.3 The Attempts of the Kurdish Movement to Turn Çewlig/Bingöl into Another

Diyarbakir (Symbol of Kurdishness in the Region)…………………………………………………. 147

3.3 The Political Structure of the Kird/Zazas in Contemporary Identity Formation: Finding

Their Own Identity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 151

3.3.1 The Importance of Religion and the Religious Leaders in Identity Formation in

Çewlig/Bingöl……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 152

3.3.2 The Role of Tribes and the Tribal Leaders of the Kird/Zazas in Çewlig/Bingöl….. 153

3.3.3 The Role of NGOs/Institutions from both State and Kurdish Movement Perspectives

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 153

Chapter 4: The Localist Tendency towards Idenity in Çewlig/Bingöl for the Kirds/Zazas;

Economy, Culture and Identity, an Overall Analysis…………………………………………………… 155

4.1 Economy and Its Role in Identity Construction in Çewlig / Bingöl. …………………….. 155

4.1.2 The reasons for Underdevelopment of Çewlig / Bingöl and Its Surrounding Areas 164

4.1.3 The Reflections of Economic Market on Identity Tendencies…………………………… 171

4.2 Zazas Identity Position between Kurdishness and Turkisness……………………………… 176

4.2.1 Expression of Turkishness …………………………………………………………………………… 176

4.2.2 Expression of Kurdishness…………………………………………………………………………… 178

4.2.3 Zazas in Europe: Designing the Identity from Europe……………………………………… 179

4.2. Localist Expression: ‘I am a Zaza’………………………………………………………………….. 181

4.3 Çewlig/Bingöl’s Ethnic and Religious Identity…………………………………………….. 183

4.3.1 An Overview of the Ethnic Structure of Çewlig/Bingöl and the Role of Language in

Identity Construction…………………………………………………………………………………………… 183

4.3.2 An Overview of the Religious Picture of Çewlig/Bingöl and Its Surroundings …… 188

4.3.3 Identity Expression: Marked by Religion or Ethnicity …………………………………….. 189

4.3.4 ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Elements (who is who) in Çewlig/Bingöl Currently ……………….. 192

4.4 The Cultural Aspect in Identity Construction in Çewlig/Bingöl………………………….. 193

4.4.1 The Cultural Similarities and Differences between Kird/Zazas and Kurmanjs in

Çewlig/Bingöl……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 193

4.4.2 The Identity in Oral History and Folklore………………………………………………………. 195

4.4.3 Cultural Celebrations: The Practice of Identity……………………………………………….. 196

4.4.4 The Evaluation of Modes of Cultural Identity ………………………………………………… 198

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 200

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Appendix: Interview

Turkey

Group interviews conducted in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2012 and August 2013.

Interview conducnted with Niyazi Azak, the former chair of Peoples Democracy Party

(HADEP) in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2011.

Interview conducted with a group of Sunni Muslim Zazas in Çewlig/ Bingöl. August

2011.

Interview conducted with a group Republican People’s Party CHP youth branch in

Çewlig / Bingöl. August 2011.

Interview conducted with A. Bilmez, a teacher at Solhan primary school in

Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2014.

Interview conducted with Ahmet Dag in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2011.

Interview conducted with an Imam of a mosque in Solhan, a town of Çewlig/Bingöl.

August 2012.

Interview conducted with Ayla Akat Ata who was the BDP MP for Batman. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Baba Isaqij in Solhan/ Bingol. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Cihan Encu, in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2012.

Interview conducted with elderly local H. Mihemed in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Ercan Cagdas in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2013.

Interview conducted with H. Ahmed Çelikel in Çewlig/Bingöl. May 2013.

Interview conducted with Hanifi Konar in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2013

Interview conducted with Hasip Kaplan. He was elected as the BDP Parliamentary

group deputy chairman following the 12th July 2011 general elections in Turkey. August 2011.

Interview conducted with Idris Baluken during the field trip, when was elected as

Çewlig / Bingöl’s first MP for city’s first pro-Kurdish party member in history of general elections. August 2011.

Interview conducted with lawyer Cevat Ishak in Çewlig/Bingöl. June 2011.

Interview conducted with Mahmud Baz in Solhan in Bingol. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Mehmet S. Yanilmaz, ex-chair Human Rights Association

(IHD) of Bingöl branch. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Nevzat Çaglayan, in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2013.

Interview conducted with Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) co-chair of

Çewlig/Bingöl, Halis Yurtsever, an Alevi Kurmanj. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Sait Ölmez in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2013

Interview conducted with Serdest Kar, a sociologist and writer from Bingöl. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Siyabend Welat who was the head of Cultural Activities on behalf of Diyarbakir Municipality then. August 2013.

Interview conducted with the co-chair of the Çewlig/Bingöl region for the pro-Kurdish movement the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), Halis Yurtsever, who is an Alevi, Kurmanj Kurd. August 2012.

Interview conducted with Wisif Zozani in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2011.

Interview with a member of a family that took an active role in Sheik Said revolt. His grandfather Sheik Abdullah was the regional leader/ commander in the revolt, and was executed along Sheikh Said in June 1926. In Çewlig/ Bingöl. August 2013.

Interviewed elderly villager during my filed trip in Çewlig/Bingöl. August 2012.

Outcomes of a group interview during the field work conducted in Çewlig/Bingöl. June 2011.

Interview conducted with Aysel Korkmaz during field trip in Genç, town of Çewlig/ Bingöl. Summer 2012. Sweden

Interview conducted with Mehmed Malmîsanij (the main figure of VATE and a respected figure in the field Zazakî language productions) in Sweden. October 2011.

Interview conducted with Mehmed Selim Uzun in Sweden. October 2011.

Interview conducted with Cemil Gundogan in Sweden. October 2011. Germany

Interview conducted with Burhan Badan in Hamburg on my field trip to Germany. March 2014.

Interview conducted with Kadir Armanc in Germany. May 2015.