ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. i

List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP………………………………………………………………………. vii

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………ix

Part 1

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..1

1.1 Research Aim and Objectives …………………………………………………5

1.2 Document Outline ……………………………………………………………….6

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………….9

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………9

2.1 Nation and Nationalism ………………………………………………………10

2.1.1 Defining the terms …………………………………………………….10

2.1.2 The Origin of Nations and Nationalism ………………………….15

2.1.3 Types of Nationalism………………………………………………….21

2.1.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….26

2.2 Border and Identity…………………………………………………………….27

2.2.1 Studying Borders: A Theoretical Framework ……………………27

2.2.2 Understanding Borders……………………………………………….29

2.2.3 Bordering and Identity………………………………………………..36

2.2.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….38

2.3 Kurds and the Border………………………………………………………….40

2.3.1 Before the Border: Kurds before the First World War…………40

2.3.2 Kurds in Iraq: The South side of the Border …………………….41

2.3.3 Kurds in Turkey: The North Side of the Border ………………..50

2.4 Conclusion: Revisiting the Objectives…………………………………….63

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………..68

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….68

3.1 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………….68

3.1.1 The Theoretical Assumptions……………………………………….68

3.1.2 Narratives and Identity ……………………………………………….70

3.2 Research Design………………………………………………………………..72

3.3 Data Collection and Sampling………………………………………………73

3.3.1 Asking Identity………………………………………………………….75

3.4 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………………76

3.5 Limits of the Research ………………………………………………………..79

Part 2

THE NORTH SIDE OF THE BORDER: KURDS IN TURKEY…………………………….85

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..85

Chapter 4: The Region…………………………………………………………………………………….85

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………85

4.1 The Words………………………………………………………………………..88

4.2 The Past…………………………………………………………………………..95

4.3 The Symbols …………………………………………………………………..103

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………109

Chapter 5: The Rest of the State: Turkey ………………………………………………113

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….113

5.1 Prejudice and Discrimination ……………………………………………..113

5.2 Integration and Disintegration……………………………………………121

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………126

Chapter 6: The Other Side of the Border: Iraqi Kurds……………………….129

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….129

6.1 The ‘Denied’ Border …………………………………………………………129

6.2 The Symbolic Meanings of the South …………………………………..134

6.3 The Image of the South and Interiorising the Border ………………140

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………150

PART 3

THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE BORDER: KURDS IN IRAQ ………………………………..152

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..152

Chapter 7: The Region: Kurdistan Region of Iraq……………………………….152

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..152

7.1 The Words………………………………………………………………………153

7.2 The Past…………………………………………………………………………160

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………167

Chapter 8: The Rest of the State: Iraq……………………………………………………. 169

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..169

8.1 Perceptions of Iraq …………………………………………………………..169

8.2 Kurdish Identity in the Iraqi Context ……………………………………175

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………179

Chapter 9: The Other Side of the Border: Turkish Kurds……………….. 182

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..182

9.1 The Sameness …………………………………………………………………182

9.2 Perceptions of Turkish Kurds ……………………………………………..187

9.3 The Internalised Border …………………………………………………….196

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………205

PART 4

Chapter 10: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………….. 207

10.1The thesis in Context ……………………………………………………….207

10.2 Discussions of the Key Findings………………………………………….209

Regional Dimensions………………………………………………………….209

State Dimensions ………………………………………………………………212

Cross-Border Dimensions ……………………………………………………215

10.3Contributions of the Study…………………………………………………219

Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 221

Appendix 1: Ethical Consideration……………………………………………..221

Appendix 2: Interview Guideline………………………………………………..225

Appendix 3: Participant Information Sheet…………………………………..227

Appendix 4: Participant Information Script ………………………………….228

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 229

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